Nutrition and Weight Maintenance

Nutrition and Weightloss 

GOAL

Promote health and reduce chronic disease risk through the consumption of healthful diets and achievement and maintenance of healthy body weights.
Overview
The Nutrition and Weight Status objectives for Healthy People 2020 reflect strong science supporting the health benefits of eating a healthful diet and maintaining a healthy body weight. The objectives also emphasize that efforts to change diet and weight should address individual behaviors, as well as the policies and environments that support these behaviors in settings such as schools, worksites, health care organizations, and communities.
The goal of promoting healthful diets and healthy weight encompasses increasing household food security and eliminating hunger.
Americans with a healthful diet:
•    Consume a variety of nutrient-dense foods within and across the food groups, especially whole grains, fruits, vegetables, low-fat or fat-free milk or milk products, and lean meats and other protein sources.
•    Limit the intake of saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, sodium (salt), and alcohol.
•    Limit caloric intake to meet caloric needs.
•     All Americans should avoid unhealthy weight gain, and those whose weight is too high may also need to lose weight.
•    Why Are Nutrition and Weight Status Important?
Diet and body weight are related to health status. Good nutrition is important to the growth and development of children. A healthful diet also helps Americans reduce their risks for many health conditions, including:
•    Overweight and obesity
•    Malnutrition
•    Iron-deficiency anemia
•    Heart disease
•    High blood pressure
•    Dyslipidemia (poor lipid profiles)
•    Type 2 diabetes
•    Osteoporosis
•    Oral disease
•    Constipation
•    Diverticular disease
•    Some cancers
Individuals who are at a healthy weight are less likely to:
•    Develop chronic disease risk factors, such as high blood pressure and dyslipidemia.
•    Develop chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, and some cancers.
•    Experience complications during pregnancy.
•    Die at an earlier age.
Understanding Nutrition and Weight Status.

Diet

Diet reflects the variety of foods and beverages consumed over time and in settings such as worksites, schools, restaurants, and the home. Interventions to support a healthier diet can help ensure that:
•    Individuals have the knowledge and skills to make healthier choices.
•    Healthier options are available and affordable.

Social Determinants of Diet 

Demographic characteristics of those with a more healthful diet vary with the nutrient or food studied. However, most Americans need to improve some aspect of their diet.
 Social factors thought to influence diet include:
•    Knowledge and attitudes
•    Skills
•    Social support
•    Societal and cultural norms
•    Food and agricultural policies
•    Food assistance programs
•    Economic price systems

Physical Determinants of Diet

Access to and availability of healthier foods can help people follow healthful diets. For example, better access to retail venues that sell healthier options may have a positive impact on a person’s diet; these venues may be less available in low-income or rural neighborhoods.
 The places where people eat appear to influence their diet. For example, foods eaten away from home often have more calories and are of lower nutritional quality than foods prepared at home.
Marketing also influences people’s—particularly children’s—food choices.

 Weight

Because weight is influenced by energy (calories) consumed and expended, interventions to improve weight can support changes in diet or physical activity. They can help change individuals’ knowledge and skills, reduce exposure to foods low in nutritional value and high in calories, or increase opportunities for physical activity.  Interventions can help prevent unhealthy weight gain or facilitate weight loss among obese people. They can be delivered in multiple settings, including health care settings, worksites, or schools.

Social and Physical Determinants of Weight

The social and physical factors affecting diet and physical activity (see Physical Activity topic area) may also have an impact on weight.
Obesity is a problem throughout the population. However, among adults, the prevalence is highest for middle-aged people and for non-Hispanic black and Mexican American women. Among children and adolescents, the prevalence of obesity is highest among older and Mexican American children and non-Hispanic black girls. The association of income with obesity varies by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. 

Emerging Issues in Nutrition and Weight Status

As new and innovative policy and environmental interventions to support diet and physical activity are implemented, it will be important to identify which are most effective. A better understanding of how to prevent unhealthy weight gain is also needed.

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